The Hytech Lawyer | Exploring Technology Solutions for the Modern Lawyer

The Hytech Lawyer’s Choice for Best iPad Hand Notetaking App Winter 2013

Posted on February 14, 2013 by Bill

Even in this digital age, I frequently find the need to take old fashioned handwritten notes in meetings, interviews and fact finding situations. While in theory, I could take notes on my laptop or type on the iPad, handwriting notes is less distracting than typing and creates less of a barrier between myself and the person(s) with whom I am interacting. However, if I take the notes on a traditional yellow legal pad they are difficult to share with others working on the matter. Also, these legal pads tend to accumulate in the hard copy file (if I even remember to send them there). Sittng in the paper file these notes are inaccessible unelss I am in the office, unorganized, unsearchable, and for the most part relatively useless.

For iPad users, an alternative to the paper legal pad is the use one of the many note taking applications on the market that allow the creation and storage of electronic handwritten notes. These notes can be sent to the firm’s document management system as a PDF and can also be stored in separate folders on the iPad. In addition, you can type in key words to allow searching (and more importantly locating) your handwritten notes. This means your notes are organized, searchable and if you desire accessible by others working on the matter.

I have spent much “hands on” time with the top selling programs to determine which of the hand note taking applications performs the best. UPAD ($ 4.99 ) is my clear favorite because of its life like response, intuitive design, practical foldering system, and extensive file export options. It also has the a good selection of ”paper” and “pen” choices.

NOTE–While it is theoretically possible to use your finger to write using these Apps, as a practical matter a stylus works best. See our prior post on stylus recommendations.

Below are a number of screen shots to give you a feel for UPAD’s interface.

UPAD has 30 “paper” choices

Pdf export options

Here is the detailed description for the App at the UPAD page:
“1. Handwriting

Writing in UPAD is a joy. Smooth retina ink makes your handwriting look remarkably neat, detailed and sharp. Comfortably lay your hand on our palm rest and start writing using a pen or a marker -from a choice of different colors and widths. Find your favorite paper from the template gallery –more than 30 styles. Use the zoom in window, for more comfort and pin sharp writing.

2. PDF annotation

Open PDF files directly from your email or from any other apps via the “Open In UPAD” dialogue box. Connect to iTunes File Sharing to transfer multiple files at once. UPAD lets you read and annotate PDF documents; handwrite notes, highlight texts, post-it, and reference images.

3. Easy editing

Do not worry about making a mistake. Just copy/move/cut and paste your contents to make it perfect. Page thumbnail window allows you to easily add/move/duplicate and remove pages in a notebook.

4. Share your work

Export your document to PDF or PNG format, and send e-mail or upload to cloud storage services- Dropbox, Evernote and GoogleDocs. Or just post or tweet a single page image using Twitter and Facebook.

5. Inserting Images and shapes

Bring to life your notes by adding images from the photo library or from the iPad camera. Rotate, resize, crop and frame them as needed. Insert a circle, square or line to add extra detail to your notes.

6. Get organized

Organize your documents in your own way. Make folders by subject or matter of importance and collect data into it. Set password to individual files and folders to keep them secure. Add tags to a document and find it using the search feature. Mark your favorite files and see them all in one place. Bookmark also helps you to find specific pages quickly in a document.”

In summary, UPAD is feature heavy and gets the job done. RECOMMENDED.

The Lawyer’s Toolbox— The Current State of Tracked Changes Using iPad Word Processing Apps

Posted on January 30, 2013 by Bill

Screen shot using track changes on a virtual desktop on the iPad via VMWare

From the time that the iPad hit the market, the elusive holy grail for iPad word-processing apps has been the ability to display, edit and insert tracked changes and editorial comments in Word documents. A work around solution has been to edit the document with a genuine copy of Microsoft Word on a cloud-based system accessible through an iPad app. One of the best of these options is CloudOn. The app is currently free to individuals and provides cloud based access to servers running actual Microsoft Word, Excel and PowerPoint 2010 software. It also integrates with E-mail, DropBox, Google Drive, SkyDrive and box. You essentially edit your document using Word on the cloud and then share it by Email, Dropbox, etc.

Tracked changes using CloudOn

CloudOn Keep in mind, like every other situation where a lawyer entrusts confidential client information to a third party vendor, the lawyer needs to take reasonable precautions to ensure that the data is adequately protected. This at a minimum requires a review of the Terms of Service and Privacy Policy of the provider. For example, the “CloudOn” privacy policy provides in pertinent part:

Files. We will share access to any Files you make available via the CloudOn Services only in accordance with the selections you make via the CloudOn Services. For example, if you choose to invite a third party to access and edit your Files via the CloudOn Services, we will provide such third party with access to the applicable File(s). Accordingly, please carefully consider inviting any third party to access your Files via the CloudOn Services.

Compliance with Laws and Law Enforcement. CloudOn cooperates with government and law enforcement officials and private parties to enforce and comply with the law. Thus, it may be necessary − by law, legal process, litigation, and/or requests from public and governmental authorities within or outside your country of residence − for CloudOn to disclose your Personal Information and Non-Identifying Information to respond to claims and legal process (including but not limited to subpoenas) and to protect the property and rights of CloudOn or a third party. We may also disclose information about you if we determine that for purposes of national security, law enforcement, or other issues of public importance, disclosure is necessary or appropriate.

Protection of our Operations and Users. We may also disclose information about you if we determine that disclosure is reasonably necessary to enforce our Terms of Service, or protect our operations or users.

CloudOn Privacy Policy Effective April 6, 2012

One provision notably absent from the CloudOn privacy policy is a representation that CloudOn will notify the user, unless legally forbidden to do so, if legal process is served upon it requiring the production of the user’s information. Because this provision is not present, I would hesitate to use this service for highly confidential documents for fear that an errant subpoena could cause protected documents to be disclosed without the opportunity for a challenge.

A more private cloud based alternative is to use a service that provides secure access to your own Windows desktop. Many firms, including my own, use systems such as VMware to allow their users to have secured access to their Windows desktops from the iPad or virtually any other computer. From this virtual desktop, Word documents can be edited, saved and shared just like in the office. Obviously, there are security advantages using of a closed system over the more public CloudOn model. Small firms and individuals can use similar but less expensive products to access their desktops e.g., GoToMyPC and Splashtop.

As for apps actually running on the iPad itself i.e., not in the cloud, there is no current Microsoft product for the iPad that provides full Word track changes and comment functionality. However, there are programs that do closely emulate the function of the MS Office suite. A longtime favorite and bestselling app is Documents To Go Premium (“docs to go” $16.99 App Store) which can open and edit almost any type of file you would normally be working with on an iPad. Unfortunately, it only provides the ability to review tracked changes, not edit or make them. It does show editorial comments and footnotes– not an insignificant feature.

The current number one seller in the Microsoft Office simulation app category is QuickOffice Pro HD ($19.99 App Store). This app does allow the user to review, edit and make track changes and insert/ edit comments. However, it is missing an equally important piece—it does not display headers, footnotes or endnotes. This is a significant omission which the developer is reported to be working on a fix.

Finally, Apple’s proprietary Pages ($9.99) word-processing application has recently incorporated a track changes feature which allows the user to track and edit Word changes on the iPad. However, as always seems to be the case, something fundamental is missing— for Pages it is the ability to edit or post editorial comments. Written comments do not come along when the document is converted over to Pages.

So that is where we are now in the quest for a full set of correction and editorial tools for the iPad.

There is some hope on the near horizon. It has been reported that sometime in the first half of 2013, Microsoft will release an iPad version of its popular office suite. This application has long been rumored to be coming, but the date always seems to be pushed out as it approaches. It is presumed by many that the Word track changes and footnote features will be included in this App. We will report back to you when it is released.

Microsoft Surface Pro’s Available Internal Memory May Not be Sufficient for Practical Use by Many Lawyers

Posted on January 29, 2013 by Bill

As the February 9, 2013 launch date for the Microsoft Surface Pro tablet rapidly approaches, I was disappointed by some news that has “surfaced” regarding the adequacy of the tablet’s internal memory. Microsoft has reportedly provided a statement to the tech website Softpedia, indicating that the Surface Pro’s operating system and preinstalled applications use a considerable amount of the available memory, especially in the 64MB version. This means that there are surprising limitations on the volume of additional applications and data that can be stored on the device.

The Surface Pro comes in two models based on memory capacity; 64 GB($899.00) and 128 GB ($999.00). While this seems adequate at first glance, we learned today that the operating system and preinstalled applications alone use up an astonishing 46 GB of memory in the 128 GB model. Extrapolating these figures to the 64 GB model, only a miserly 19 GB of internal memory is available for all of the user’s data and other applications. This is not trivial because MS Office 2013 Professional (Outlook, Word, PowerPoint, Excel, OneNote– $377.00) is not included with the starter applications and alone requires another 3 GB of hard-drive memory. The remaining 16 GB for the 64 GB version will not be sufficient memory to allow most lawyers to rely upon this version of the tablet as their primary computer. While the Surface Pro does come with a 3.0 USB outlet allowing for the addition of an external drive, an SDXC card reader allowing for up to 128 GB ($160.00) in additional removable data storage, and access to a 7 GB cloud storage service, adequate on board internal memory is still needed to accommodate the typical applications relied upon by lawyers, e.g., case and litigation management software, MS Office suite, timekeeping applications, dictation programs, etc. This does not even consider the additional memory requirements for those tablets that need to be integrated into an enterprise system.

The 128 GB model has available memory of 83 GB, which when compared to most tablets on the market seems generous. However, these other tablets don’t claim to be full capability replacements for your main computer as Microsoft does for the Surface Pro. When the Surface Pro is compared to run of the mill laptops with internal memory capacities of 250 GB to 1 TB, its limited memory capacity is at the very low end. Couple this with the disappointing 4 hour battery life previously reported and the Surface Pro appears to be shaping up as a poor fit for most busy lawyers.

The price for a reasonably equipped Surface Pro is also quite high. If you order the 128 GB version with the keyboard that will set you back almost $1200.00. Add the MS Office 13 Professional suite and you are up to approximately $1600.00. If you want to order high capacity SDXC memory cards, 128 GB cards will set you back another $160.00 each. Bottom line– you are looking at spending around $1800.00 to bring the MS Surface Pro to relative parity with a $800.00 laptop ($500.00 for the hardware). At this pricing level, it is highly questionable whether the MS Surface will make economic sense for most lawyers.

Litigation War Stories– Using the iPad and TrialPad in a High Stakes Class Certification Hearing

Posted on January 26, 2013 by Bill

This past week I was in federal court opposing a motion for class certification on behalf of a major corporate client– high stakes. After plaintiffs’ counsel presented their initial argument, I moved to the forward counsel podium with just my iPad. Using the TrialPad App ($89.99 App Store), I displayed key documents and testimony on the court’s own electronic presentation system as I presented my argument. The presentation went without a hitch with one exception– a reminder popped up on my screen half-way through the argument to remind me I was 30 minutes overdue for my class certification hearing [Lesson learned-- turn all notifications off prior to using the iPad for a hearing].

The Setup– as noted, this particular federal courtroom was prewired for video presentations. Each counsel table was equipped with a monitor and a VGA cable for connecting that counsel’s computer to the system. There were screens for the judge, his clerk, and even courtroom spectators. There was a central podium for counsel with another connection station and an Elmo presentation device (think of it as a glorified overhead projector that can display documents).

In this case, I chose to use Apple TV to make the presentation. Apple TV ($99.00) allows you to mirror your iPad screen to an external monitor.

To make this work, the iPad and the Apple TV device need to be on the same WiFi network. While the courtroom had WiFi access, I have found it to be more reliable to bring my own WiFi either using the hotspot on my phone or as in this case, a separate WiFi card. Unfortunately, Apple TV’s only output is a digital HDMI cable. This is great if you are using a HDMI projector or monitor, but not so good if your projector or monitor is of the older and still more common analog VGA variety like the set up in this courtroom. In that case, you need a digital to analog converter to use the Apple TV. Because the court’s system was several years old it was of the VGA variety and the use of a converter was required. So here is the set up:

1. WiFi hotspot connected to Apple TV by WiFi from Hotspot

2. Apple TV HDMI output connected to converter by HDMI Cable

3. Converter connected to Court VGA system by VGA Cable

VGA

HDMI

Once everything is up and running the next step is to connect the Apple TV via WiFi. To do this you must double click your home key. Then scroll to the mirror icon that should be located next to the volume and play controls. Select Apple TV and then mirroring and you are on the air.

I had the documents organized in folders in outline form so that I could adjust to the issues raised in the argument of opposing counsel or those that were of particular interest to the court. It looked something like this:

The main folders actually served as my argument outline. Each of folders contained documents labeled for easy identification that argument point. This organizational method allows the presenter to custom tailor the presentation on the fly– which I had to do when plaintiffs counsel abandoned their entire briefed theory and presented a new one in response to my argument.

In our next installment we will examine the preparation of exhibits using TrialPad and the additional presentation features of the App, including a video demonstration of the software in operation. Also See our prior review of TrialPad .

UPDATE: We Won– Motion for Class Certification Denied.

The Hytech Lawyer to Co-Teach iPad CLE Classes with Tom Mighell at SC Bar Convention January 26, 2013

Posted on January 18, 2013 by Bill

I will be co-teaching two iPad CLE classes at the South Carolina Bar Convention. This is part of the Law Office Technology Seminar starting at 8:30 a.m. on Saturday January 26, 2013. I am really looking forward to these sessions because my co-instructor is none other than the acclaimed iPad for lawyers expert Tom Mighell. Tom is the author of the best selling ABA publication “iPad in One Hour for Lawyers.” Tom’s book should be the starting point for any lawyer new to the iPad. It is available in hardcover from the ABA and Tom has graciously provided a discount code– LPMIPAD13. It is also available in ebook format from all the usual providers.

Below are the titles for the classes we are teaching. Hope to see you there!

8:30 a.m. – 9:30 a.m. Become An iPad Houdini – Tips and Tricks to Make Your iPad Experience Magical

9:30 a.m. – 10:30 a.m. The iPad for Litigators

Presenting Witnesses via iPad, Skype and Facetime– Video

Posted on January 6, 2013 by Bill

While it is almost always preferable to have a witness appear live at a trial or hearing, if that is simply not possible, then consider whether a video appearence is appropriate. In the video below, we demonstrate the use of the iPad and the iPad coupled with a large screen for presenting witness testimony.

Video Presentation of Witnesses

Hytech Lawyer to Publish Trial Lawyer’s Guide to the iPad– What Should Be Included?

Posted on January 1, 2013 by Bill

Happy 2013!

The hytech lawyer crew is putting the finishing touches on an iPad guidebook for trial lawyers to be published as an e-book available from Apple. The book will have video demonstrations throughout and will be long on practical advice based on my 20+ years as a trial lawyer and over two years of using the iPad in my litigation practice. Some of the topics include:

The hytech lawyer’s guide to practical iPad applications for lawyers
Using the iPad for witness prep– stop lugging aound those bankers boxes
The magic of Keynote for presentations
Innovative uses of the iPad in Depositions
Using Trialpad effectively at mediations, hearings and trials
Managing documents and files on the iPad
Recommended iPad accessories
Security
“Secrets” of the iPad

Are there other areas you would like to see covered in the Guidebook? Do you have questions we might be able to answer? Do you have some good lawyer related iPad “war stories” that you would like to share? Our goal is for the book to go to editing on January 7, 2013, so we may still be able to squeeze in a little more this week. I look forward to hearing from you. As a teaser, follow this link to our rough cut Keynote slide presentation that was put together in less than an hour using only the iPad and some prior prepared media (there are some special effects toward the end). The Guide will explain step by step how to produce compelling presentations on the iPad (I agree this one is over the top).

Best regards,

Bill Latham aka “The hytech lawyer”

Video Review of the Brookstone HDMI Pocket Projector

Posted on December 20, 2012 by Bill

As you might imagine, the Hytech Lawyer is a sucker for gadgets of all kinds, especially those that are incredibly mobile and have the potential for practical use by lawyers. The Brookstone HDMI pocket projector ($299.99 Brookstone Site) is just such a device. I fell under its siren song when I was passing by a demonstration being conducted by a Brookstone salesman in the Atlanta airport. This little pocket sized projector was clearly generating images of HD quality. Myself and two other observers each bought one of these little gems on the spot. It has a battery life of approximately 2 hours and is rechargeable by use of the included AC adapter. The optional accessory kit costs $29, and contains a very neat telescopic antenna tripod system.

I have already used the projector for a KeyNote presentation in a client meeting and it was perfectly adequate for the job– more impressively, the presentation was run off of an iPhone 4S. The key is that you need a fairly dark room because while the unit’s DLP LED lamps are rated at 85 lumens (est. life of 20,000 hours) and allow for a 60 inch HD quality picture in a dimly lit space, like Dracula, they are no match for bright light. Note that the only input option is HDMI and that to use it with an iPhone or iPad you will need to purchase the HDMI adapter available from Apple—of course any true hytech lawyer needs one of these adapters anyway. The projector is also equipped with a small internal speaker that has a reasonable output. However, if you are using the projector to view a movie, powered external speakers are recommended and can be plugged into the projector’s mini plug jack.

I intend to use this projector for one-on one-deposition preparation meetings to project documents, small audience KeyNote presentations, and to project entertainment media from my iphone. RECOMMENDED.

Buying an iPad for a Lawyer — Some Advice

Posted on November 25, 2012 by Bill

So you are finally taking the plunge and aspire to integrate the iPad into your legal practice, or perhaps you are considering buying your favorite lawyer an iPad for the holidays. In either case, you might be wondering– which model? The three basic choices available at the time of publication were the iPad Mini (“Mini”), iPad2 and the iPad 4th Generation (“iPad4”). The Mini is a 7.9 inch smaller version of the 9.7 inch iPad2 and iPad4. While the Mini is less expensive and more portable than the iPad4, its resolution is substantially inferior to the retina display on the iPad4. Further, the iPad4 has a much faster processor. However, the Mini and iPad2 are essentially the same except for their size. Use this link to compare models, configurations and pricing: iPad Model Comparison.

One of the strong points of the iPad for legal work is the document review and markup functionality, so to me a smaller, slower unit with inferior resolution is not worth the tradeoff for a little enhanced mobility. However, the smaller size of the mini may be difficult for some to resist—it’s so darn cute and it is cheaper.

Another consideration is just how many gigabytes of memory are needed. The base model of both the iPad2, iPad4 and the Mini come with 16 gigabytes of data storage capacity, which may not be sufficient if the device is going to be used for real legal work such as storing thousands of documents and multimedia for presentations. The legacy iPad2 is only being sold in the 16GB version ($399). During the first two years of using an iPad in my litigation practice, I found that 32 GB of data was more than sufficient for all of my needs. However, when the iPad4 came out, I upgraded to 64 GB model, because I have an inordinate number of applications and presentations on my iPad and they were beginning to push the limits of the 32 GB unit. Bottom line, In my opinion the 32 GB model will be the most appropriate for most attorneys, but it will add an extra $100 in cost in all available configurations. This rules out the current version of the iPad2 currently being sold, although if you can get by on 16 GB, the iPad2 is an attractive option.

The final question is Wi-Fi only or Wi-Fi with cellular 4G. Unless you are always going to be working in a Wi-Fi zone, you need to decide how your iPad is going to connect to the Internet when Wi-Fi service is not otherwise available. The reality is that the iPad, without Internet, is little more than a brick paperweight. Okay, that may be an exaggeration, but the functionality of the device without Wi-Fi access is severely limited.

There are number of options available to make sure that you always have Wi-Fi service. The first option is to buy an iPad with 4G cellular service functionality built-in. Typically, the 4G models will be bought from one of the major mobile providers such as AT&T or Verizon for about $100 more than the same size iPad without the cellular capability. Besides the upfront costs, your wireless Wi-Fi plan will cost $20 or more month for access to two or 3 GB of data per month. This amount of data will be more than enough for most routine users, but is not sufficient to allow heavy-duty streaming of video media, etc.. Go over the limit and you pay extra. The big advantage to this option is that you don’t have to rely upon another device for access to the Internet. The downside is that you cannot share your WiFi connection with other devices, although I have heard rumors that this could change.

Another option is to buy the standard Wi-Fi only version of the iPad and to activate the hotspot feature of your cell phone (most late model smart phones have this option) to access Wi-Fi service.

This is the method I prefer because I always have my phone with me and it allows sharing of the phone hotspot not only with an iPad, but with any other device such as a laptop or printer that for which you need Wi-Fi access. Again, this will increase your phone bill by $20 or $30 per month to provide access to the Wi-Fi coverage. Another advantage to going this route is that the Wi-Fi only version is $100 less than the cellular 4G version.

The third option, which I’ve also used, is to buy a separate Wi-Fi hotspot card. This is a device about the size of a credit card and about as thick as a pencil that allows multiple devices to connect to the same Internet connection.

The main advantage of a MiFi hotspot is that you can share the hotspot connection with the number of users (typically up to 5– good for trials and hearings). It also does not drain your phone battery, which may be significant consideration depending on the situation. The downside is that it is yet another device you need to carry around. These devices cost around $100 and can be bought from the major mobile carriers and at most major electronics retailers.

In the end it all comes down to your preference (and your pocketbook). If money is not a consideration, then I recommend you go with the iPad4 32 GB 4G Wi-Fi model. Otherwise, I recommend the iPad4 32 GB Wi-Fi only model and pair it with a smart phone with personal hotspot capability. If you must have a Mini, then I recommend the same configurations as for the iPad4.

Any questions?

Lawyer with a New iPad? Using it for Legal Work? Let’s Talk Security.

Posted on November 24, 2012 by Bill

So you love your new iPad and want to use it in your law practice. That likely means using it to store and communicate confidential client information. You may also be accessing your firm’s internal and cloud based systems. It is also quite possible that unlike your traditional work desktop/laptop, you may be tempted to share this repository of client secrets with your spouse, children or friends—because after all, the iPad is first and foremost a super cool entertainment machine—right?

STOP! LOOK! LISTEN! If you want to use the iPad as a law practice tool and you value your license, clients and firm, then some basic security precautions are mandated:

Set a strong passcode. In my opinion, it is malpractice to not have the passcode feature activated if confidential client information is on your device. The default 4 digit code feature is inadequate if you are going to use the iPad out of the office (which of course you are). By default (unfortunately), the iPad comes with the Passcode off. Here’s how to turn it on and set it:

Press Settings, then General. To the right, Passcode Lock should show Off, if you have not already enabled it. Press it; if you have already created a 4-digit passcode, you’ll be asked to enter it now.
On the Passcode Lock page, you’ll see Turn Passcode On. Don’t touch that yet. First, go to Simple Passcode and move it to the Off position. If it’s turned on, you can only create a simple, wholly inadequate 4-digit passcode.
Once Simple Passcode is turned off, press Turn Passcode On. You’ll be presented with a dialog box to enter your Passcode. Set a strong passcode! You can check out the strength of your pass word at this site: How Secure is My Password? You can enter any combination of number, letters, symbols – you are not limited in the length of your passcode. You’ll be asked to enter it twice, after which your passcode will be turned on. Also, press Require Passcode, and choose the time interval after which your iPad will require a Passcode to get back in. Choose a time period that isn’t so often that you are constantly having to enter your Passcode, but is short enough so that if you leave it alone for a short time no one can get into it.

Activate the free “Find My iPad” and “Remote Wipe” features. Apple’s find your iPad feature through iCloud enables you to find your iPad (its location will be displayed on a map) if it is lost, send a loud location sound, post a message on the screen, and if need be the ability to remotely wipe all of the data from the device. Detailed set up instructions Link.

Set a time for your iPad to lock up if not used. In “Settings” choose “General” and then select the “Auto-Lock” feature. Pick a time limit. The shorter the better. This feature protects your client data if the iPad is not used for the specified period of time. Set Your iPad to Auto-Wipe after Ten Failed Password Attempts. Your device can be set to Auto-Wipe all data after 10 failed password attempts. To access this feature in settings choose “Passcode Lock” and you will be prompted for your Passcode. After entering the Code, turn “Erase Data” on.

REGULARLY BACK UP YOUR DATA ON iTUNES IN CASE YOUR iPAD IS LOST OR DAMAGED. Detailed instructions.

Individually Password Protect Client Information If You “Must” Share Your iPad with Others. If you are going to allow your spouse, significant other, children, friends, random strangers or others to “play” with your “work” iPad (BAD IDEA!), then at a minimum secure confidential client information with an Application password. Many applications have their own password feature that will protect data in that application. For example: GoodReader, MobileNoter, and Readdle. Just keep in mind that letting someone use your iPad without protecting your confidential client information is like handing someone a brief case of client documents so that they can retrieve the magazine among the client papers. USE COMMON SENSE! Treat your iPad like you would a paper file of highly confidential client documents. Do not leave it unattended in unsecure areas. Keep it locked up when not in use.

If you follow these tips, confidential information on your iPad should be “reasonably” secure. Ignore them and your license may not be.